Copy editing involves checking the text and correcting mistakes in grammar, sentence structure, and mechanics. Mechanics include many features, notably punctuation, spelling (e.g., capitalization and abbreviations), number usage, and symbol format. Sentence structure, grammar, and punctuation are interwoven elements, and copy editing is foundational to a polished manuscript. Line editing may follow copy editing.

​Line editing is more complex than copy editing and involves changes to sentence structure (e.g., passive to active voice), paragraph flow, and vocabulary for style and meaning. The editor reshapes and sometimes moves sentences and adjusts vocabulary for meaning and tone (e.g., professional versus casual). Line editing is integral to word or page count reduction. This optional service must be preceded by copy editing. See an example of line editing.

Developmental editing is evaluating the text for cohesive content and comprehensible flow. The editor comments on areas of confusion or repetition. The editor may suggest content to clarify or expand a topic, or the editor may query for alternate meanings of sentences and paragraphs that appear similar. The author revises the text. Only one writing category is eligible for this service. The journal article is tightly written and has distinct components; thus, content adjustments may be needed.

Proofreading is a last step before submitting a text for publication or circulation for internal use. The proofreader or editor scrutinizes the text for final copy-editing needs and makes corrections. The proofreader may also correct problems with document layout and citation format. Proofreading helps ensure the reader can engage with the text. It does not replace copy editing, but you can request proofreading as a single service if copy editing has been done elsewhere.

Authors whose first or native language is other than English may indicate this circumstance when requesting copy editing and line editing. I give the text extra attention to convey your ideas accurately. A text may show cultural influences in vocabulary, writing style, and organization. I try to include these influences while polishing the text for reader engagement. When working with bilingual-bicultural texts, I may need additional time for copy editing and line editing. Developmental editing may be needed.